International Journal of Drug Policy
Volume 16, Issue 3 , Pages 139-142 , June 2005

The prospects for tobacco harm reduction

  • Wayne D. Hall

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +61 7 3346 2150; fax: +61 7 3346 2159.

Received 17 March 2005 ,Revised 4 April 2005 ,Accepted 5 April 2005.

References 

  1. Asplund K. Smokeless tobacco and cardiovascular disease. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2003;45:383–394
  2. Ault RW, Ekelund RB, Jackson JD, Saba RP. Smokeless tobacco, smoking cessation and harm reduction: An economic analysis. Applied Economics. 2004;36:17–29
  3. Benowitz NL. Nicotine toxicity. In:  Ferrence R,  Slade J,  Room R,  Pope M editor. Nicotine and public health. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2000;p. 65–75
  4. Benowitz NL. The nature of nicotine addiction. In:  Slovic P editors. Smoking: Risk perception and policy. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2001;p. 159–187
  5. Chaloupka FJ, Wakefield M, Czart C. Taxing tobacco: The impact of tobacco taxes on cigarette smoking and other tobacco use. In:  Rabin RL,  Sugarman SD editor. Regulating tobacco. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001;p. 39–71
  6. Critchley JA, Unal B. Health effects associated with smokeless tobacco: A systematic review. Thorax. 2003;58:435–443
  7. Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet. 2002;360:1347–1360
  8. Fagerstrom KO. Nicotine-replacement therapies. In:  Ferrence R,  Slade J,  Room R,  Pope M editor. Nicotine and public health. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2000;p. 199–207
  9. Foulds J, Ramstrom L, Burke M, Fagerstrom K. Effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden. Tobacco Control. 2003;12:349–359
  10. Gray N. The ethics of policies for the prevention of tobacco disease. Acta Oncologica. 2004;43:8–10
  11. Hennigfield JE, Fant RV. Nicotine delivery systems: Implications for abuse potential, medications development and public health. In:  Ferrence R,  Slade J,  Room R,  Pope M editor. Nicotine and public health. Washington, DC: American Public Health Assocation; 2000;p. 229–249
  12. Kozlowski LT. Harm reduction, public health, and human rights: Smokers have a right to be informed of significant harm reduction options. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2002;4(Suppl. 2):S55–S60
  13. Kozlowski LT. First, tell the truth: A dialogue on human rights, deception, and the use of smokeless tobacco as a substitute for cigarettes. Tobacco Control. 2003;12:34–36
  14. Kozlowski LT, O’Connor RJ, Edwards BQ. Some practical points on harm reduction: What to tell your lawmaker and what to tell your brother about Swedish snus. Tobacco Control. 2003;12:372–373
  15. Kozlowski LT, Strasser AA, Giovino GA, Erickson PA, Terza JV. Applying the risk/use equilibrium: Use medicinal nicotine now for harm reduction. Tobacco Control. 2001;10:201–203
  16. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349:1436–1442
  17. O’Connor RJ, Kozlowski LT, Flaherty B, Edwards BQ. Most smokeless tobacco use does not cause cigarette smoking: Results from the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Addictive Behaviors. 2005;30:325–336
  18. Pierce JP. Harm reduction or harm maintenance?. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2002;4(Suppl. 2):53–54
  19. Ramstrom LM. Snuff—An alternative nicotine delivery system. In:  Ferrence R,  Slade J,  Room R,  Pope M editor. Nicotine and public health. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2000;p. 159–174
  20. Room R. Control systems for psychoactive substances. In:  Ferrence R,  Slade J,  Room R,  Pope M editor. Nicotine and public health. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2000;p. 37–61
  21. Shiffman S, Gitchell JG, Warner KE, Slade J, Henningfield JE, Pinney JM. Tobacco harm reduction: Conceptual structure and nomenclature for analysis and research. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2002;4(Suppl. 2):S113–S129
  22. Song F, Raftery J, Aveyard P, Hyde C, Barton P, Woolacott N. Cost-effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: A literature review and a decision analytic analysis. Medical Decision Making. 2002;22:S26–S37
  23. Stratton K, Shetty P, Wallace R, Bandurant S. Clearing the smoke: Assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001;
  24. Warner KE. Reducing harm to smokers: Methods, their effectiveness and the role of policy. In:  Rabin RL,  Sugarman SD editor. Regulating tobacco. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001;p. 111–142
  25. Warner KE, Martin EG. The US tobacco control community's view of the future of tobacco harm reduction. Tobacco Control. 2003;12:383–390
  26. Warner KE, Slade J, Sweanor DT. The emerging market for long-term nicotine maintenance. Journal of American Medical Association. 1997;278:1087–1092
  27. Winn DM. Epidemiology of cancer and other systemic effects associated with the use of smokeless tobacco. Advances in Dental Research. 1997;11:313–321
  28. World Health Organization . Guidelines for controlling and monitoring the tobacco epidemic. Geneva: WHO; 1998;

PII: S0955-3959(05)00049-6

doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.04.002

International Journal of Drug Policy
Volume 16, Issue 3 , Pages 139-142 , June 2005

Article Tools