International Journal of Drug Policy
Volume 19, Issue 6 , Pages 467-478 , December 2008

Drugs and development: The global impact of drug use and trafficking on social and economic development

Received 18 October 2006 ,Revised 30 November 2006 ,Accepted 11 December 2006.

References 

  1. Agbavon, P. (2001). The tobacco industry and tobacco control movement in Togo. Online at: http://www.essentialaction.org/tobacco/qofm/0201/togo.html. Accessed July 22, 2006.
  2. AmfAR. (2006). Global initiatives: Bahamas. Online at http://www.amfar.org/cgi-bin/iowa/programs/globali/record.html?record=130. Accessed November 23, 2006.
  3. Amir, S. (2006). The millennium development goals: A critique from the south. Monthly Review, 57(10). Online at: http://www.monthlyreview.org/0306amin2.htm. Accessed October 12, 2006.
  4. Andreas P, Nadelmann E. Policing the globe: Criminalization and crime control in international relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006;
  5. Andreas P. Free market reform and drug market prohibition: U.S. Policies at cross-purposes in Latin America. Third World Quarterly. 1995;16(1):75–87
  6. Andreas P. Illicit international political economy: The clandestine side of globalization. Review of International Political Economy. 2004;11(3):641–652
  7. In:  Appadurai A editors. Globalization. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 2001;
  8. Appadurai A. Fear of small numbers. Druham, NC: Duke University Press; 2006;
  9. Arias D. Tobacco industry misled public for decades. Federal judge rules. The Nation's Health; 2006;p. 1, 20
  10. Arias ED. Drugs & democracy in Rio De Janeiro: Trafficking social networks and public security. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; 2006;
  11. Barker, K. (2006). ‘Very bad’ news on opium war. Chicago Tribune, September 3, p. 1.
  12. Barnett R, Cavanagh J. Global dreams: Imperial corporations and the new world order. New York: Simon and Schuster; 1994;
  13. Black R, White H. Targeting development: Critical perspectives on the millennium development goals. London: Routledge; 2004;
  14. Byrd W, Buddenberg D. Afghanistan: Drug industry and counter-narcotics policy. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2006;
  15. Calvani S, Elizabeth G, Jean-Luc L. Drug resistance rating: An innovative approach for measuring a country's capacity to resist illegal drugs. Third World Quarterly. 1997;18(4):659–672
  16. Central Eurasia Project. (2006). Drug trafficking emerges as top national security threat to Tajikistan. On line at: http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav050803.shtml. Accessed October 14, 2006.
  17. Commission of Inquiry. (1984). Report of the commission of inquiry appointed to inquire into the illegal use of the Bahamas for the transshipment of dangerous drugs destined for the United States of America, October 1983–December 1984. Nassau, Bahamas.
  18. de Granados, O. Z. (2002). International smuggling overview. April 19. Transcript online at: http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/smuggling.html. Accessed July 22, 2006.
  19. Department of Economic Social Affairs of the United Nations . Millennium development goals report. Vienna, Austria: Vienna International Centre; 2006;
  20. Devaney M, Reid G, Baldwin S. Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in the Asia-Pacific region. Sydney: Australian National Council on Drugs; 2005;
  21. Dorabjee J, Samson L. A multi-centre rapid assessment of injecting drug use in India. International Journal of Drug Policy. 1997;11:99–112
  22. Escobar A. Encountering development: The making and unmaking of the third world. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1995;
  23. Farmer P. Infections and inequalities: The modern plagues. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1999;
  24. Fathi, N. (2006). Tehran Journal; As Liquor Business Booms, Bootleggers Risk the Lash. New York Times, April 4, p. 4.
  25. Forward Thinking on Drug Use. (2003). A review of UN progress in combating the global drug problem. On line at: http://www.forward-thinking-on-drugs.org/index.html. Accessed October 8, 2006.
  26. Founou-Tchuigoua B. NEPAD or the challenge to catch up. In: Presented at the African Scholars’ Forum Meeting. Nairobi, Kenya. 2002;p. 28
  27. Frontline, (2000). Drug wars. Available at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/interviews/ochoajorge.html.
  28. Fukuda-Parr S. The millennium development goals: The pledge of world leaders to end poverty will not be met with business as usual. Journal of International Development. 2004;16(7):925–932
  29. Goroux H. The terror of neoliberalism: Cultural politics and the promise of democracy. Boulder, Colorado: Paradigm Publishers; 2004;
  30. Global Health Watch. (2006). Global health watch 2005–2006: An alternative world health report. London: Zed Books.
  31. Global Partnerships for Tobacco Control. (2002). What is big tobacco up to around the world. On line at: http://www.essentialaction.org/tobacco/qofm/0201a.html. Accessed July 21, 2006.
  32. Grund J-P. Harm reduction for poppy farmers in Myanmar? Asian Harm Reduction Network. Newsletter Issue. 2004;34:1–3
  33. International Narcotics Control Board. (2006). Annual report: Regional highlights. Press release #3. Vienna, Austria: Vienna Information Centre.
  34. Jelsma . Learning lessons from the Taliban opium ban. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2005;16(2):1–8
  35. Kavan, J. (2003). U.N. information service. Online at: http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2003/gasm322.html. Accessed July 16, 2006.
  36. Keck M, Sikkink K. Activists beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 1997;
  37. In:  Kleinman A,  Veena D,  Margaret L editor. Social suffering. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1997;
  38. Kumar M, Mudaliar S, Thyagarajan S, Kumar S, Selvanayagam A, Daniels D. Rapid assessment and response to injecting drug use in Madras South India. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2000;11:83–98
  39. LeClézio, V. (2002). Tobacco industry activities in Mauritius. Online at: http://www.essentialaction.org/tobacco/qofm/0201/mauritius.html. Accessed June 22, 2006.
  40. Levy B, Sidel V. Social injustice and health. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006;
  41. Lovell A. Addiction markets: The case of high-dose burpenorphine in France. In:  Petryna A,  Lakoff A,  Kleinman A editor. Global pharmaceuticals: Ethics, markets, practices. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 2006;p. 136–170
  42. Lyttleton C. Opiates to amphetamines: Development and change in the golden triangle. Development Bulletin. 2006;69:22–26
  43. Mesquita F. The health and social impacts of drugs in Brazil and Indonesia: What it means for development. Development Bulletin. 2006;69:64–66
  44. National Institute on Drug Abuse . In: Proceedings of the global research network on HIV prevention in drug-using populations: HIV and drug use—the global situation. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2003;
  45. Neville M, Clark N. Drug abuse in the Bahamas. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1985;2(3):195–197
  46. Nichter M, Cartwright E. Saving the children for the tobacco industry. Medical Anthropology. 1991;5:236–256
  47. PakTribune. (2006). Heroin lab workers suffering from different diseases. Pakistan News Service, July 16.
  48. Razak M, Jittiwutikarn J, Suiyanon V, Vongchuk T, Srirak J, Beyer C. HIV prevalence and risks among injection and noninjection drug users in northern Thailand need for comprehensive HIV prevention programs. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2003;33:259–266
  49. Scott-Clark C, Levy A. The stone of heaven: Unearthing the secret history of imperial green jade. London: Little Brown; 2002;
  50. Seabrook, J. (1999). Smoking and the poor. Third World network. Online at: http://pnews.org/art/2art/tobacpoor.html. Accessed July 24, 2006.
  51. Shishkin, P., & Crawford, D. (2006). In Afghanistan, heroin trade soars despite U.S. aid. Wall Street Journal, p. 1, January 18.
  52. Singer M. Why it is easier to get drugs than drug treatment?. In:  Arachu C,  Merrill S editor. Unhealthy health policy: A critical anthropological examination. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press; 2004;p. 287–303
  53. Singer M. The face of social suffering: The life history of a street drug addict. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press; 2006;
  54. Singer M. Drugging the poor: Legal and illegal drug industries and social inequality. Long Grove, IL: Waveland; 2007;
  55. Smith, L. (2006). Carlos Lehder's Bahamian legacy. Bahama pundit. On line at: http://www.bahamapundit.com/2006/07/carlos_lehders_html.
  56. Straw W. The thingishness of things. Keynote address for the Interrogating Subcultures conference. University of Rochester; 1998, March 27;
  57. Stebbins K. Going like gangbusters: Transnational tobacco companies ‘making a killing’ in South America. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 2001;15:147–170
  58. Stebbins K. Transnational tobacco companies and health in underdeveloped countries: Recommendations for avoiding a smoking epidemic. Social Science and Medicine. 1990;30:227–235
  59. Thomas G. Rival drug gangs turn the streets of Nuevo Laredo into a war zone. New York Times; 2005;p. 5, December 14
  60. UNAIDS. (2004). Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
  61. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2006). The millennium development goals report. New York: United Nations.
  62. United Nations Development Programme. (1993). Human development report. Vienna, Austria: Vienna International Centre.
  63. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (1994). Drugs and development. UNDCP Technical Series, No. 1. Vienna, Austria: Vienna International Centre.
  64. United Nations Office on Drug Control and Crime Prevention. (2003). Global illicit drug trends, 2003. United Nations Publication Sales No. E.03.XI.5. Vienna: United Nations.
  65. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2006). Drug abuse and demand reduction. Available online at: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug_demand_reduction.html. Accessed October 2, 2006.
  66. USA Today. (2005). Jamaica to hire more police to curb high crime rate. USA Today, p. 11, November 8.
  67. Vanichensi S, Wongsuwan B, Choopanya K, Wongpanich K. A controlled trial of methadone maintenance in a population of intravenous drug users in Bangkok implications for prevention of HIV. International Journal of Addiction. 1991;26(12):1313–1320
  68. World Bank. (1993). World development report 1993: Investing in health. Washington, D.C.: Oxford University Press.
  69. Zill, O., & Bergman, L. (2001). U.S. Business and money laundering. PBS Frontline. Available online at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/special/us.html.

PII: S0955-3959(06)00255-6

doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.12.007

International Journal of Drug Policy
Volume 19, Issue 6 , Pages 467-478 , December 2008