International Journal of Drug Policy
Volume 20, Issue 1 , Pages 38-47 , January 2009

Alcohol and other drug related deaths among young people in CIS countries: Proximal and distal causes and implications for policy

Received 20 July 2007 ,Revised 5 October 2007 ,Accepted 22 October 2007.

References 

  1. Aceijas C, Friedman SR, Cooper HLF, Wiessing L, Stimson GV, Hickman M. Estimates of injecting drug users at the national and local level in developing and transitional countries, and gender and age distribution. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2005;82(Suppl. III):iii10–iii17
  2. Babikian T, Freier M-C, Hopkins GL, DiClemente R, McBride D, Riggs M. An Assessment of HIV/AIDS Risk in Higher Education Students in Yerevan, Armenia. AIDS and Behavior. 2004;8(1):47–61
  3. Birckmayer JD, Holder HD, Yacoubian GS, Friend KB. A general causal model to guide alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug prevention: Assessing the research evidence. Journal of Drug Education. 2004;34(2):121–153
  4. Bobak M, McKee M, Rose R, Marmot M. Alcohol consumption in a national sample of the Russian population. Addiction. 1999;94(6):857–866
  5. Booth RE, Kwiatkowski CE, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK, Brewster JT, Salomonsen-Sautel S, Corsi KE, et al. Predictors of risky needle use following interventions with injection drug users in Ukraine. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2006;82(Suppl. 1):S49–S55
  6. Burris S, Blankenship KM, Donoghoe M, Sherman S, Vernick JS, Case P, et al. Addressing the “Risk Environment” for injection drug users: The Mmysterious Ccase of the missing cop. The Milbank Quarterly. 2004;82(1):125–156
  7. Cockerham WC, Hinote BP, Pamela A. Psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. Social Science & Medicine. 2006;63:2381–2394
  8. Cornia GA, Pannicià R. Changes in poverty, capabilities and population-based welfare indicators. MOCT-MOST. 1996;6:95–129
  9. Degenhardt L, Hall W, Warner-Smith M. Using cohort studies to estimate mortality among injecting drug users that is not attributable to AIDS. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2006;82(Suppl_3):iii56–iii63
  10. In:  Eckersley R,  Dixon J,  Douglas B editor. The social origins of health and well-being. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001;
  11. EMCDDA. (2006, Jan–March 2006). Drug situation. Drugnet Europe, 53, 2.
  12. Engvall J. The State under siege: The drug trade and organised crime in Tajikistan. Europe-Asia Studies. 2006;58(6):s827–s854
  13. Friedman S, Rossi D, Flom PL. “Big Events” and networks. Connections. 2007;27(1):9–14
  14. Godinho J, Renton A, Vinogradov V, Novotny T, Gotsadze G, Rivers M-J, et al. Reversing the tide: Priorities for HIV/AIDS prevention in Central Asia. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2005;
  15. Gyurjyan, G., & Bazarchyan, A. (2005). Report on the Results of the National Survey on the Drug, Alcohol and Smoking Prevalence among the General Population of Armenia. Yerevan: International Center for Human Development.
  16. Harris C. Desire versus Horniness: sexual relations in the collectivist society of Tajikistan. Social Analysis. 2005;49(3):78–95
  17. Kandiyoti D, Azimova N. The communal and the sacred: women's worlds of ritual in Uzbekistan. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 2004;10(2):327–349
  18. Kurkchiyan M. Society in transition. In:  Herzig E,  Kurkchiyan M editor. The Armenians: Past and present in the making of national identity. Abingdon (UK) and New York: RoutledgeCurzon; 2005;p. 211–228
  19. Langendam M, van Brussel G, Coutinho R, van Ameijden E. The impact of harm-reduction-based methadone treatment on mortality among heroin users. American Journal of Public Health. 2001;91(5):774–780
  20. Leon DA, Shkolnikov V. Social stress and the Russian mortality crisis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998;279(10):790–791
  21. McKee M, Leon DA. Social transition and substance abuse. Addiction. 2005;100(9):1205–1209
  22. Menchini L, Redmond G. Child consumption poverty in South-Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre; 2006;
  23. Morgenstern H. Uses of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research. American Journal of Public Health. 1982;72(12):1336–1344
  24. Nemtsov A. Alcohol-related human losses in Russia in the 1980s and 1990s. Addiction. 2002;97(11):1413–1425
  25. Nemtsov A. Russia: Alcohol yesterday and today. Addiction. 2005;100(2):146–149
  26. Paoli L. Drug trafficking in Russia: A form of organized crime?. Journal of Drug Issues. 2001;31(4):1007–1038
  27. Pilkington H. Everyday” but not “normal”: Drug use and youth cultural practice in Russia. UK: Centre for Russian and East European Studies, the University of Birmingham; 2004;
  28. Pomerleau J, McKee M, Rose R, Haerpfer CW, Rotman D, Tumanov S. Drinking in the Commonwealth of Independent States—evidence from eight countries. Addiction. 2005;100:1647–1668
  29. Poznyak VB, Pelipas VE, Vievski AN, Miroshnichenko L. Illicit drug use and its health consequences in Belarus, Russian Federation and Ukraine: Impact of transition. European Addiction Research. 2002;8:184–189
  30. Pridemore WA. Vodka and violence: Alcohol consumption, and homicide rates in Russia. American Journal of Public Health. 2002;92(12):1921–1930
  31. Pridemore WA. Weekend effects on binge drinking and homicide: the social connection between alcohol and violence in Russia. Addiction. 2004;99:1034–1041
  32. Pridemore WA. Heavy drinking and suicide in Russia. Social Forces. 2006;85(1):413–430
  33. Rehm J, Gmel G. Average volume of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking and mortality among young Europeans in 1999. Addiction. 2002;97(1):105–109
  34. Rhodes T. The ‘risk environment’: a framework for understanding and reducing drug-related harm. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2002;13(2):85–94
  35. Rhodes T, Ball A, Stimson GV, Kobyshcha Y, Fitch C, Pokrovsky V, et al. HIV infection associated with drug injecting in the Newly Independent States, Eastern Europe: The social and economic context of epidemics. Addiction. 1999;94(9):1323–1336
  36. Rhodes T, Mikhailova L, Sarang A, Lowndes CM, Rylkov A, Khutorskoy M, et al. Situational factors influencing drug injecting, risk reduction and syringe exchange in Togliatti City, Russian Federation: a qualitative study of micro risk environment. Social Science and Medicine. 2003;57(1):39–54
  37. Rhodes T, Platt L, Maximova S, Koshkina E, Latishevskaya N, Hickman M, et al. Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis C and syphilis among injecting drug users in Russia: a multi-city study. Addiction. 2006;101:252–266
  38. Rhodes T, Simic M. Transition and the HIV risk environment. British Medical Journal. 2005;331(7510):220–223
  39. Ridolfo B, Stevenson C. The quantification of drug-caused mortality and morbidity in Australia, 1998. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2001;
  40. Spooner, C., & Hetherington, K. (2005). Social determinants of drug use (NDARC Tech Report No. 228). Retrieved October 4, 2007, from Sydney, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre Web site: http://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/ndarcweb.nsf/website/publications.reports.tr228.
  41. Stachowiak JA, Tishkova FK, Strathdee SA, Stibich MA, Latypov A, Mogilnii V, et al. Marked ethnic differences in HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among injection drug users in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, 2004. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2006;82(Suppl. 1):S7–S14
  42. Stevenson M, McClure R. Use of ecological study designs for injury prevention. Injury Prevention. 2005;11(1):2–4
  43. Susser M. The logic in ecological: II. The logic of design. American Journal of Public Health. 1994;84(5):830–835
  44. Thomas YF. The Social Epidemiology of Drug Abuse. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2007;32(6 Suppl. 1):S141–S146
  45. UNICEF . State of the World's Children 2007. New York: UNICEF; 2006;
  46. UNICEF . Understanding child poverty in South Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre; 2006;
  47. UNICEF . TransMONEE 2007 Database. Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre; 2007;
  48. UNODC. (2006). World Drug Report 2006. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
  49. Walberg P, McKee M, Shkolnikov V, Chenet L, Leon DA. Economic change, crime, and mortality crisis in Russia: Regional analysis. British Medical Journal. 1998;317:312–318
  50. World Bank . Growth, poverty, and inequality: Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2005;
  51. World Health Organization. (1986). Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. First International Conference on Health Promotion Ottawa, 21 November 1986, WHO/HPR/HEP/95.1.

PII: S0955-3959(07)00217-4

doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.10.005

International Journal of Drug Policy
Volume 20, Issue 1 , Pages 38-47 , January 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution