The social context of initiation into injecting drugs in the slums of Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract 

Background

The association between socio-economic marginalisation in urban poor neighbourhoods and the prevalence of violence, crime, drug use and drug dealing has been well documented. However few studies have explored the social context of the transition to, initiation and maintenance of drug injection career in slum areas in developing countries. This study examines the lived experience of young men in initiating and maintaining drug injection in slum areas, commonly named lorong, in the city of Makassar, Indonesia.

Method

In-depth interviews were conducted with 18 male injecting drug users who attended a drop-in centre for drug users in the city.

Results

The interviews revealed that the pharmacological effects of putaw (street grade heroin) and the economics of injection were factors in initiating and maintaining injection. Importantly, the intersection of socio-economic deprivation with pursuing the status of rewa (local concept of masculinity) and the dynamics of gang participation led many members of the lorong into a drug injection career, making them vulnerable for HIV and other blood-borne viral infections.

Conclusion

To be more effective, the existing harm reduction programmes in Makassar that focus on individualistic behavioural changes need to be complemented with community-based programmes that take into consideration the social and structural context of risk-taking practices amongst young people in the lorong.

Keywords: Masculinity, Injection drug use, Risk environment, HIV, Indonesia