International Journal of Drug Policy
Volume 21, Issue 3 , Pages 234-239 , May 2010

Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert (Ram Dass) and the changing definition of psilocybin

  • Colin Wark

      Affiliations

    • Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Department of Psychology and Sociology, MSC 177, 700 University Blvd, Kingsville, TX 78363-8202, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 361 593 2693; fax: +1 361 593 2707.
  • ,
  • John F. Galliher

      Affiliations

    • Missouri University-Columbia, United States

Received 23 January 2009 ,Revised 10 June 2009 ,Accepted 7 August 2009.

References 

  1. Alpert R, Leary T. Reply with rejoinder. Esquire. 1964;61:42, 44, 50, 54
  2. Baba Ram Dass. (Speaker). (1971). Baba Ram Dass: One man's journey to the East [Lecture] (Cassette Recording). San Rafael, CA: Big Sur Recordings, Duplicated by Superscope.
  3. Baba Ram Dass. (Speaker). (1973). Baba Ram Dass at KOPN [Interview] (Compact Disc). Columbia, MO: KOPN Radio Station.
  4. Baba Ram Dass. (Speaker). (1973). Baba Ram Dass at Stephens College [Lecture] (Compact Disc). Columbia, MO: KOPN Radio Station.
  5. Becker HS. Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. New York: The Free Press; 1963;
  6. Boire RG. Sacred mushrooms and the law. Berkeley, CA: Ronin; 2002;
  7. Brown, S. (2006, December 7). Researchers explore new visions for hallucinogens. Chronicle of Higher Education, 53, A12. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from http://www.maps.org/sys/nq.pl?id=1118&fmt=page.
  8. David C. McClelland Papers a, Box 94. (1962, December 19). David C. McClelland to Dr. Ralph Metzner. Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
  9. David C. McClelland Papers b, Box 94. (1963, June 10). David C. McClelland to Mr. George Litwin. Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
  10. Davidson, S. (2000, May 21). The Dass effect. The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from http://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20000521mag-ramdass.html.
  11. Dowling C. Confessions of an American guru: Ram Dass. New York Times. 1977, December 4;pp. 41–43, 136–149
  12. Dr. Leary and followers told to vacate estate. (1968, February 20). New York Times, p. 20.
  13. Dutch protesters make bid to save “magic mushrooms.” (2007, October 27). Reuters. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL2748299520071027.
  14. Dyck E. Psychedelic psychiatry: LSD from clinic to campus. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 2008;
  15. Gordon N. The hallucinogenic drug cult. The Reporter. 1963, August 15;29:35–43
  16. Graves R. The Greek myths: 1. New York: Penguin; 1960;
  17. Graves R. Oxford addresses on poetry. London: Cassell and Company; 1961;
  18. Griffiths RR, Richards WA, Johnson MW, McCann UD, Jesse R. Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2008;22:621–632
  19. Harvard men told of mind-drug peril. (1962, November 29). New York Times, p. 18.
  20. Harvard ousting aide in drug case. (1963, May 28). New York Times, p. 60.
  21. Harvard recalls statement. (1966, March 12). New York Times, p. 25.
  22. Japan culls magic from mushrooms. (2002, May 13). BBC News. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1984498.stm.
  23. Leary flown to U.S. in custody. (1973, January 19). New York Times, p. 39.
  24. Leary, once an LSD advocate, paroled. (1976, April 21). New York Times, p. 56.
  25. Leary, T. (Speaker). (1963). Timothy Leary: Individual in the college community: His commitments and his works [Lecture] (Compact Disc). Ellensburg, WA: Central Washington University.
  26. Leary, T. (Speaker). (1966, November 4). Timothy Leary Lecture at Harvard University Law School forum on LSD: Methods of control. Retrieved July 19, 2008, from: http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/forum/audio.html.
  27. Leary, T. (Speaker). (1970). Timothy Leary interview (Compact Disc). St. Louis, MO: KDNA Radio Station.
  28. Leary T, Metzner R, Presnell M, Weil G, Schwitzgebel R, Kinne S. A new behavior change pattern using psilocybin. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 1965;2:61–72
  29. Leary, wife and son guilty of marijuana possession. (1970, February 21). New York Times, p. 47.
  30. Lee MA, Shlain B. Acid dreams: The complete social history of LSD: The CIA, the sixties, and beyond. New York: Grove Press; 1985;
  31. Lemle, M. (Producer/Director). (2001). Ram Dass: Fierce grace [Documentary]. USA: Zeitgeist Films.
  32. Levine, R. M. (1976, April 22). The pizza and the path: Ram Dass's U.S.A. Rolling Stone, 42-47, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 85.
  33. Magic mushrooms ban becomes law. (2005, July 18). BBC News. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4691899.stm.
  34. Mansnerus, L. (1996, June 1). Timothy Leary, pied piper of psychedelic 60s, dies at 75. New York Times. pp. 1, 12.
  35. Mayer M. Getting alienated with the right crowd at Harvard: Drugs in the yard; and where, mother is your wandering son tonight?. Esquire. 1963;60;73, 141, 142, 144
  36. McClelland, D. C. (1961, October 8). Some social reactions to the psilocybin research project. David C. McClelland Papers a, Box 94. Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
  37. Metzner, R., Litwin, G., & Weil, G. (n.d.). The relation of expectation and setting to psilocybin reactions: A questionnaire study. Unpublished manuscript, David C. McClelland Papers, Box 94. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Archives.
  38. Mexico ousts 20 in drug research: Bars psychic tests led by former Harvard teacher. (1963, June 15). New York Times, p. 17.
  39. Moreno JA, Wiegand CB, Taitano EK, Delgado PL. Safety, tolerability and efficacy of psilocybin in 9 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006;67:1735–1740
  40. Musto David F. The American disease: Origins of narcotic control. 3rd ed.. New York: Oxford University Press; 1999;
  41. Netherlands bans hallucinogenic mushrooms: Lawmakers tighten nation's drug policy after girl's suicide. (2007, October 12). MSNBC. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21269227/.
  42. Osmundsen, J. A. (1965, May 15). Harvard study sees benefit in use of mind drugs. New York Times. p. 64.
  43. Ousted lecturer jailed in Laredo on drug charge. (1965, December 24). New York Times, p. 15.
  44. Paul Krassner interviews Timothy Leary 1995 Part 6. (2009). From Nancy Cain's video archives. Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQW1ChD3Z34.
  45. Perry, D. H., Perry, H. (Producers), & Perry, H. (Director). (2006). VH1 documentary: The drug years feed your head (19671971) Part 2 Timothy Leary. Retrieved July 19, 2007, from http://youtube.com/watch?v=4ZTaanUpK24.
  46. Playboy interview: Timothy Leary, a candid conversation with the controversial ex-Harvard professor, prime partisan and prophet of LSD. (1966, September). Playboy, 13, 93, 95, 102, 104, 106, 110, 112, 250, 251, 254, 255.
  47. Ranen, A. (Documentarian), Power & control—LSD in the sixties part 2 (2005). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47vt5Z5wxoI&feature=related.
  48. Ranen, A. (Documentarian), Power & control—LSD in the sixties part 3 (2005). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNODtfw0K3o&feature=related.
  49. Rinkel, M. (n.d.). Annotated bibliography: Psilocybin. Medical Department, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals. Hanover, NJ. Max Rinkel Papers, Center for the History of Medicine, Harvard Medical School.
  50. Sale and possession of magic mushrooms banned. (2006, January). RTÉ News. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/0131/mushrooms.html.
  51. Sewell RA, Halpern JH, Pope HG. Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD. Neurology. 2006;16:1920–1922
  52. The Last Dance (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifB9InfAPRw.
  53. Timothy Leary at Millbrook—Interview part three [Video] (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y22py0Qf80o.
  54. Timothy Leary at MillbrookInterview part four [Video] (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaEWk2dAecE.
  55. Timothy Leary, drug advocate, walks away from coast prison. (1970, September 14). New York Times, p. 14.
  56. Timothy Leary LSD science and experience [Video]. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2hr5n_dr-timothy-leary-a-lsd-science and_shortfilms.
  57. Timothy Leary sentenced to up to five years in escape. (1973, April 24). New York Times, p. 12.
  58. What's news. (1969, May 20). Wall Street Journal, p. 1.
  59. What's news. (1970, October 21). Wall Street Journal, p. 1.
  60. Wark C, Galliher JF. Outlawing magic mushrooms: The prohibition of psilocybin in the United States. Saarbrucken, Germany: VDM Verlag Dr. Muller; 2007;
  61. Wasson RG. Seeking the magic mushroom. Life. 1957, May 13;42:100–109
  62. Weil AT. The strange case of the Harvard drug scandal. Look. 1963, November 5;27:38–48
  63. Weiner T. The place for trips of the mind-bending kind. New York Times. 2002, May 8;A4
  64. Zion SE. Convicted user of marijuana to appeal on religious basis; Dr. Leary used plant as “key” to widen his experience—calls it “harmless”. New York Times. 1966, March 16;55

 Thanks are due to Jay Gubrium, Wayne Brekhus, Victoria Johnson and Ted Koditschek for help with an earlier draft of this manuscript.

PII: S0955-3959(09)00112-1

doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.08.004

International Journal of Drug Policy
Volume 21, Issue 3 , Pages 234-239 , May 2010