International Journal of Drug Policy
Volume 21, Issue 4 , Pages 306-314 , July 2010

Longitudinal trajectories of ketamine use among young injection drug users

  • Stephen E. Lankenau

      Affiliations

    • Drexel University, School of Public Health, Department of Community Health and Prevention, 1505 Race Street, 11th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
    • Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Saban Research Institute, Community, Health Outcomes, and Intervention Research Program, 6430 Sunset Boulevard, Suite 1500, Los Angeles, CA 90028, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Drexel University, School of Public Health, Department of Community Health and Prevention, 1505 Race Street, 11th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States. Tel.: +1 215 762 2570.
  • ,
  • Jennifer Jackson Bloom

      Affiliations

    • Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Saban Research Institute, Community, Health Outcomes, and Intervention Research Program, 6430 Sunset Boulevard, Suite 1500, Los Angeles, CA 90028, United States
  • ,
  • Charles Shin

      Affiliations

    • Coalition of Orange County Community Clinics, 17701 Cowan, Suite 220, Irvine, CA 92614, United States

Received 18 June 2009 ,Revised 24 November 2009 ,Accepted 11 January 2010.

References 

  1. Biernacki P, Waldorf D. Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological Methods and Research. 1981;10:141–163
  2. Clatts MC, Davis WR, Atillasoy A. Hitting a moving target: The use of ethnographic methods in the evaluation of AIDS outreach programs for homeless youth in NYC. Qualitative Methods in Drug Abuse and HIV Research. NIDA Research Monograph. 1995;157:117–135
  3. Copeland J, Dillon P. The health and psycho-social consequences of ketamine use. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2005;16:122–131
  4. Community Epidemiology Working Group . Epidemiologic trends in drug abuse. Volume 1: Highlights and Executive Summary. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, National Institute of Drug Abuse; 1999;
  5. Drug Enforcement Agency. (2005). DEA dismantles Riverside ecstasy and ketamine trafficking ring. Retrieved 29 October, 2008 from http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/state.
  6. Drug Enforcement Agency. (2007). Drugs and chemicals of concern – ketamine. Retrieved 8 October, 2008 from http://www.deadinversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concerns/ketamine/ketamine.htm.
  7. Des Jarlais DC, Perlis TE, Settembrino JM. The use of electronic debit cards in longitudinal data collection with geographically mobile drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2005;77:1–5
  8. Dillon P, Copeland J, Jansen K. Patterns of use and harms associated with non-medical ketamine use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2003;69:23–28
  9. Dotson JW, Ackerman DL, West LJ. Ketamine abuse. Journal of Drug Issues. 1995;25(4):751–757
  10. Evans JL, Hahn JA, Lum PJ, Stein ES, Page-Shafer K. Predictors of injection drug use cessation and relapse in a prospective cohort of young injection drug users in San Francisco, CA (UFO Study). Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2009;101:152–157
  11. Hahn JA, Page-Shafer K, Ford J, Paciorek A, Lum PJ. Traveling young injection drug users at high risk for acquisition and transmission of viral infections. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2008;93:43–50
  12. Hyde J. From home to street: Understanding young people's transitions into homelessness. Journal of Adolescence. 2005;28:171–183
  13. Jansen K. Ketamine: Dreams and realities. Sarasota, FL: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies; 2001;
  14. Jones B, Nagin D, Roeder K. A SAS procedure based on mixture models for estimating developmental trajectories. Sociological Methods & Research. 2001;29:374–393
  15. Kass RE, Raftery AE. Bayes factors. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1995;90:773–795
  16. Lankenau S, Clatts M. Ketamine injection among high risk youths: Preliminary findings from New York City. The Journal of Drug Issues. 2002;32:893–905
  17. Lankenau S, Clatts M. Drug injection practices among high-risk youth: The first shot of ketamine. Journal of Urban Health. 2004;81(2):232–248
  18. Lankenau S, Clatts M. Patterns of polydrug use among ketamine injectors in New York City. Substance Use and Misuse. 2005;40:1381–1397
  19. Lankenau S, Sanders B. Patterns and frequencies of ketamine injection in New York City. Journal of Psychoactive Drug. 2007;39(1):21–29
  20. Lankenau S, Sanders B, Jackson Bloom J, Hathazi D, Alarcon E, Tortu S, et al. First injection of ketamine among young injection drug users (IDUs) in three U.S. cities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2007;87:183–193
  21. Lankenau S, Jackson Bloom J, Shin C. Modeling longitudinal trajectories of ketamine use among young injection drug users. In: Poster Presented at American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. San Diego, November. 2008;
  22. Lankenau S, Sanders B, Jackson Bloom J, Hathazi D, Alarcon E, Tortu S, et al. Migration patterns and substance use among young homeless travelers. In:  Thomas Y,  Richardson D,  Cheung I editor. Geography and Drug Addiction. New York: Springer; 2008;p. 65–83
  23. Lankenau, S., Sanders, B., Jackson Bloom, J., & Hathazi, D. (in press-a). Recruiting and retaining transient young injection drug users in Los Angeles. Substance Use & Misuse.
  24. Lankenau, S., Wagner, K., Jackson Bloom, J., Sanders, B., Hathazi, D., & Shin, C. (in press-b). The first injection event: Differences among heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, and ketamine initiates. Journal of Drug Issues.
  25. Lilly JC. The scientist: A novel autobiography. New York: Lippincott; 1978;
  26. Lofland J, Loftland L. Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 1995;
  27. Penrod J, Preston DB, Cain RE, Starks MT. A discussion of chain referral as a method for sampling hard-to-reach populations. Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 2003;14:100–107
  28. Sanders B, Lankenau S, Jackson Bloom J, Hathazi D. Multiple drug use and polydrug use amongst homeless traveling youths. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. 2008;17:23–40
  29. Siegel RK. Phencyclidine and ketamine intoxication: A study of four populations of recreational users. In:  Peterson RC,  Stillman R editor. Phencyclidine abuse: An appraisal. vol. 21:National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph; 1978;p. 119–147
  30. Watters J, Biernacki P. Targeted sampling: Options for the study of hidden populations. Social Problems. 1989;36(4):416–430
  31. Winick C. Maturing out of drug addiction. Bulletin on Narcotics. 1962;16:1–11

PII: S0955-3959(10)00008-3

doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.01.007

International Journal of Drug Policy
Volume 21, Issue 4 , Pages 306-314 , July 2010