Research paperSexual identity, same-sex partners and risk behaviour among a community-based sample of young people in Australia
Introduction
It is widely reported that same-sex attracted young people report more risk behaviours, victimisation and poorer health outcomes than their heterosexual peers. In particular, young people who are same-sex attracted or report same-sex partners report higher rates of illicit drug use, harmful alcohol consumption, smoking, suicidal ideation and behaviour, and verbal, physical and sexual harassment and violence (e.g. Fergusson et al., 2005, Garofalo et al., 1998, Hillier et al., 2003, Lea et al., 2013b, Leonard et al., 2012, Marshal et al., 2008, Robin et al., 2002, Russell and Joyner, 2001, Smith et al., 1999, Wichstrom and Hegna, 2003). Risky sexual behaviours are also more commonly reported, including earlier age at first sex, more sex partners, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (e.g. Garofalo et al., 1998, Goodenow et al., 2002, Grulich et al., 2003, Kuyper and Vanwesenbeeck, 2011, Lewis et al., 2012, McNair et al., 2011). These risks may affect subgroups of same-sex attracted or behaving young people differently; for example, numerous studies have identified highest risk behaviour among bisexual young people (Marshal et al., 2008, Robin et al., 2002, Russell et al., 2002, Saewyc et al., 2007).
Young people are an important group in which to study experiences and issues pertaining to sexual attraction, identity and behaviour. Firstly, same-sex attraction, questioning identity, or sexual experience with same-sex partners is not uncommon in this age group. In Australian national data of young people aged 16–19 and 20–24 years, 1.7% and 6.9% of males and 10.2% and 11.9% of females, respectively, reported any homosexual experience in their lifetime, including anal sex, oral sex, touching or kissing (Grulich et al., 2003). In a cohort of women aged 25–30 years, 8.6% reported identifying as bisexual, lesbian, or mainly heterosexual (McNair et al., 2011), while Australian studies of secondary school students have found that 9–11% of young people are same-sex attracted or questioning their identity (Hillier et al., 1996, Smith et al., 1999, Smith et al., 2009).
Secondly, awareness of sexual orientation commonly occurs during late adolescence or early adulthood, and the age of awareness may be decreasing; a national survey of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (GLBT) Australians found that the mean age of first awareness of sexual orientation was 12–13 years for homosexual men and women aged 16–24 years compared to 15–21 years for homosexual men and women aged 60 years and older (Leonard et al., 2012).
Thirdly, research suggests that young people experience greater harm relating to alcohol (Chikritzhs and Pascal, 2004, Livingston and Room, 2009, Teesson et al., 2010), drug use (Dietze et al., 2003, Sara et al., 2011) and sexual risk behaviour (Department of Health and Ageing, 2013, Lewis et al., 2012) than the older general population, and thus young people are an important group in which to understand and prevent risk.
Numerous studies have shown that sexual identity, sexual behaviour and sexual attraction do not always correspond, particularly among young people (Coker et al., 2010, Goodenow et al., 2002, Robin et al., 2002, Saewyc et al., 2004). However, many studies focus on only one construct of sexual orientation, thus underestimating diversity and obscuring differences in risk and health needs (Mayer et al., 2008, Saewyc et al., 2004). In this study, we consider multiple constructs of sexual orientation, by differentiating between young people with same-sex and both sex partners and considering disparities in identity and behaviour. We recruit from a community setting, thus giving us a broader age range than school-based studies (Hillier et al., 1996, Smith et al., 2009) and allowing us to better capture early school-leavers or non-attendees (Faden et al., 2004), particularly given that same-sex attracted young people may be more likely to experience homophobic bullying and miss school, change schools, or drop out of school (Hillier et al., 2010, Robinson et al., 2014). Unlike other Australian studies focused on same-sex attracted young people recruited through community spaces and online (Hillier et al., 2010, Leonard et al., 2012, Robinson et al., 2014), recruiting young people from a music festival allowed us to draw a comparative sample of gay/lesbian/bisexual/queer/questioning (GLBQQ) and heterosexual young people from the same setting. According to Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009–2010, 45% of young people aged 18–24 years attended a popular music concert within the previous twelve months (ABS, 2010). Music festivals may attract large numbers of young people who report recent illicit drug use, harmful alcohol consumption, and high-risk sexual behaviour, and thus are a suitable venue to recruit young people for study into illicit drug use, alcohol consumption, and sexual behaviour (Lim et al., 2007, Lim et al., 2010, Sheridan et al., 2008).
In this study, we aim to assess the prevalence of same-sex identity and same-sex partners in a community-based sample of young people, and report on differences between identity and behaviour. Further, we compare risk behaviours and health outcomes according to sexual identity. An understanding of the associations between sexual identity and risk will help inform health and well-being programs, policy and education targeting young people.
Section snippets
Participants and procedure
Participants were recruited over consecutive years, 2011–2013, at the Melbourne Big Day Out (BDO), a one-day music festival held in January each year in Melbourne, Victoria. This study was part of an ongoing behavioural surveillance system that has been undertaken at the BDO since 2005 (Lim et al., 2007, Lim et al., 2009, Lim et al., 2010). The BDO survey intends to measure and monitor annual trends in alcohol, drug and sexual risk behaviours in a group of young people recruited from the
Data completeness
From 2011 to 2013, 4157 16–29 year olds participated. Among 1496 males and 2661 females, 61 (4%) and 73 (3%), respectively, had incomplete data on sexual identity (p = 0.02) and 159 (11%) and 127 (5%), respectively, had incomplete data on past year sex partners (p < 0.01). Analysis was limited to 1305 (87%) males and 2488 (94%) females with complete data on sexual identity and past year sex partners.
Sample characteristics
Of 3793 participants with complete data, 66% were female (Table 1). The median age was 18.9 years
Discussion
In a large sample of young people attending a music festival, we found that 10% of young people reported a GLBQQ identity, which is consistent with other Australian studies from representative samples (Grulich et al., 2003, Hillier et al., 1996, Smith et al., 1999, Smith et al., 2009). Accounting for either identity or behaviour, this percentage increased to 12%.
Concordance between sexual identity and reported sexual partners in the past year varied. Over 40% of GLBQQ-identifying young people
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Authors contributions
The following co-authors have contributed to the work: AB in data collection, data analysis, manuscript preparation and manuscript review; AV in data collection, data analysis and manuscript review; LD in study design and manuscript review; MH in study design and manuscript review; MSCL in data collection, study design and manuscript review.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge and thank the research team, recruiters and the participants who were involved in the data collection. This project has been greatly assisted by the Victorian AIDS Council (VAC), Marie Stopes International, Beyond Blue, Hepatitis C Victoria, Family Planning Victoria, Cadbury Schweppes, The Department of Health and Ageing, Third Drawer Down, Step Back Think and the staff at the Melbourne Big Day Out. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial
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2017, Journal of Adolescent HealthCitation Excerpt :Studies have shown, for example, lower use of condoms and higher user-error rates during anal intercourse between men and women [5,6,28], suggesting the need for efforts to encourage and advise on correct use. In addition, the higher prevalence of each sexual practice among women reporting bisexual attraction compared with women reporting attraction only to men suggests that efforts to promote sexual health and well-being of this group needs to take account of the complexities of interactions between identity, attraction, and behavior [29,30]. Beyond a narrowly framed biomedical “risk perspective [31],” our findings also warrant attention to their relevance for sexual well-being among young people, including the quality and dynamics of their sexual interactions.